From there, they were disseminated to all parts of the civilized world. They were collected after the death of Hippocrates and stored in Alexandria. The Hippocratic writings are probably a collection from a number of individuals, including the master, from the period during which he was the dominant medical figure. Medicine "became in his hands an art, a science, a profession" ( Major, 1954). His contemporaries included Plato, Socrates, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Pericles. Hippocrates ( ca 460-370 b.c.) lived during the Golden Age of Greece. Homer in the Iliad ( ca 1200 b.c.) described 141 wounds and used 150 anatomic terms. Quotations Illustrating the Level of Greek Medicine. These six developments were applied to medical education by William Osler in the medical clinic at Johns Hopkins University in 1893, thereby revolutionizing medical education and the practice of medicine in America and the Western world. The German School, epitomized by Johannes Mueller, laid the foundation for experimental laboratory science from 1830 until 1900. The French School, exemplified by Pierre Louis, synthesized the previous developments and put physical diagnosis on a secure footing at the bedside and in the autopsy room during the period 1800 until 1850. Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816, beginning a century of explosive development in physical diagnosis. The actual beginnings of physical diagnosis occurred with the discovery of percussion by Auenbrugger in 1760, and its dissemination by Corvisart in 1808. The third development was Sydenham's definition of disease between 16, leading to the nosological concept of disease. Vesalius was thereby able to publish an accurate human anatomy text in 1543, and Morgagni to establish morbid anatomy, or pathology, as a discipline in 1761.
The second development was the resumption of the dissection of human bodies for educational purposes, beginning in the thirteenth century in Italy. Hippocrates and his colleagues laid the foundations by establishing medicine as a profession and by declaring that it has a rational basis. Seven crucial developments over the past 3000 years shaped physical diagnosis as we know it today.
Knowledge of this evolution provides the student with a foundation upon which to build mastery of the art and science of diagnosis. This chapter traces the historical evolution of modern clinical diagnosis. The story of their achievements serves to stimulate the spirit of inquiry in each of us and underscores the obligation we have to add to this pool of knowledge. They were physicians going about the daily practice of medicine. The pool of information presented in this book has been created by the scholarship of these ten men. Their accomplishments form a "golden thread throughout the history of the world, consecutive and continuous, the work of the best men in successive ages" (Moxon, quoted by William Osler). Ten individuals are responsible for the development of modern physical diagnosis: Hippocrates, Vesalius, Morgagni, Sydenham, Auenbrugger, Corvisart, Laennec, Louis, Mueller, and Osler. Tradition of medical excellence, but to add to the store of medical Each of us should strive "to rise above the routines of theĭaily ward round and to see in every patient an opportunity not only to serve mankind in the best
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